Standard S7L2:
Students will describe the structure and functions of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Element A:
Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials.
Element B:
Relate cell structures to basic cell functions.
Element C:
Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms.
Element D:
Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems, serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food and waste removal.
Element E:
Explain the purpose of the major organ systems in the human body.
Definition of cells- The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism,
typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a
membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is
either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
11 Main Organ Systems- Here is basically everything you need to know about the 12 systems!!
Circulatory system: pumping and
channeling blood to and from the body
and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
Integumentary
system: skin, hair, fat, and nails.
- Skeletal
system: structural support and protection
with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
- Reproductive
system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands,testes, vas
deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
- Digestive
system: digestion and processing food with salivary
glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
- Urinary
system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved
in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion
of urine.
- Respiratory
system: the organs used for breathing,
the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
- Endocrine
system: communication within the body using hormones made
by endocrine glands such as
the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or
pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenals, i.e.,
adrenal glands.
- Lymphatic
system: structures involved in the transfer
of lymph between tissues and the blood stream;
includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The lymphatic
system includes functions including immune responses and development of
antibodies.
- Muscular
system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion,
maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal
muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
- Nervous
system: collecting, transferring and processing information
with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
So basically each system has a specific job to do to
maintain the organism. Without the digestive system, we couldn't obtain
nutrients from our food. Without the circulatory system, these nutrients would
not be distributed throughout the body. Without the respiratory system, we
would not get the oxygen necessary to "burn" glucose to obtain energy
from the food brought to the cells by the circulatory system. The nervous
system tells the body what's going on outside so our bodies can react. The
excretory system regulates the osmotic status of the body, helping the
circulatory system maintain water balance and so on and so on
with every single organ system. They team up to serve the needs of the cells
whether is oxygen, nutrients, blood or anything else that the cells need to
like and do work they all help each other and they all serve the needs of the
cell. And the organs help too because without the organs there would be no
organ system, and without the tissues there would be no organs, so there would
be no organ systems. So in general that's how it serves the needs of the
cells.
How they are organized-
It is very simple, cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organism
It is very simple, cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organism
There are many different sorts of cells but all have roughly
the same cell cycle. However, the time taken to complete it can vary
enormously. The cell cycle of a fly embryo cell takes just eight minutes while
a human liver cell cycle can last longer than a year. Some cells can withdraw
from the cell cycle and rest before re-entering it. Many cells in growing
embryos often skip the resting stages altogether. Cells that have stopped
dividing, like brain cells, never re-enter the cell cycle.Meiosis- Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. The number of sets of chromosomes in the cell undergoing meiosis is reduced to half the original number, typically from two sets (diploid) to one set (haploid). The cells produced by meiosis are either gametes (the usual case in animals) or otherwise usually spores from which gametes are ultimately produced (the case in land plants). In many organisms, including all animals and land plants (but not some other groups such as fungi), gametes are called sperm in males and egg cells or ova in females. Since meiosis has halved the number of sets of chromosomes, when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the number of sets of chromosomes in the resulting zygote is restored to the original number.
Meiotic division occurs in two stages, meiosis I and meiosis
II, dividing the cells once at each stage. The first stage begins with a
diploid cell that has two copies of each type of chromosome, one from each the
mother and father, called homologous chromosomes. All homologous chromosomes
pair up and may exchange genetic material with each other in a process called
crossing over. Each pair then separates as two haploid cells are formed, each
with one chromosome from every homologous pair.
In the second stage, each chromosome splits into two, with
each half, called a sister chromatid, being separated into two new cells, which
are still haploid. This occurs in both of the haploid cells formed in meiosis
I. Therefore from each original cell, four genetically distinct haploid cells
are produced. These cells can mature into gametes.
That's basically it with this fun standard of cells!!! Have fun with this review, and remember, EVERYTHING IS MADE OF CELLS!!!
That's basically it with this fun standard of cells!!! Have fun with this review, and remember, EVERYTHING IS MADE OF CELLS!!!
Copyrights: I got the videos from Youtube.com, and i got the pictures from google images, and some of the info from wiki.
-Andy Iyabor
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